The implementation program of Water Supply and Sanitation Community-based drink, otherwise known as PAMSIMAS, has been running for approximately two years. The program which began in 2008, initially had problems related to the coordination and synchronization program each agency involved in the program. Change the controlling institution / executing agency of the Ministry of Health to the Ministry of Public Works, cause problems at the beginning of the program. At the beginning of the year 2008, according to one official PAMSIMAS program, PAMSIMAS must walk with the limitations of existing devices [1].
The issue of coordination between sectors visible, when the program has reached the stage of construction, in some places, the raw water to be used, test results have not come out. Though PAMSIMAS water tested by Public Health Service mandatory, and must have qualified as clean water.
Implementation PAMSIMAS not only hindered the coordination problem. As an illustration, we can see in three locations PAMSIMAS implementation, namely the city of Kupang, Kabupaten Banjar and Tasikmalaya regency. In three places, there are some problems, which need to be considered PAMSIMAS stakeholders.
Kupang City
In the city of Kupang, the main problem for PAMSIMAS program is looking for sources of water that can be used as raw water PAMSIMAS. In addition, the availability of raw water, too often a constraint, this is due to a decrease in discharge due to climate island of Timor. Sources of water available in the city of Kupang is uneven. Because of the difficulty of finding water sources, managers need to get the owners of water sources (wells) that the social spirit, to make private wells as a source of raw water.
Geological structure of land in the city of Kupang prone to contamination. This is due to soil type Kupang quickly reduce waste water on the surface, so water is easily contaminated underground. The solution is to perform first wastewater discharged into the ground.
Infrastructure materials PAMSIMAS many brought in from outside the island, this led to the expensive infrastructure installed. Another problem related to the management of sanitation is poor. Spatial changes that are less controlled. The performance of the facilitators, especially related to the problem of frequent delays in receiving salaries and difficulty in obtaining a facilitator with sufficient capability to handle the management of PAMSIMAS.
Beneficiary communities in the city of Kupang, the results of research are also still feel burdened and heavy to be able to collect the money themselves. There is also internal strife community self-supporting institution or with outside parties. Managing behavior problems, suggesting the need for attention to the stage time PAMSIMAS program.
Banjar Regency
In Banjar District found a problem related to community concern about the use and maintenance of the water. There are behavioral defecate on the banks of the river using a toilet float. Communities also feel burdened by the self-generated funds. This condition can be caused by, yet uneven provision of good sanitation facilities in schools and neighborhoods, trash, and sewer line. This occurred mainly in rural areas and suburbs. There are limitations to local government budgets, causing the construction of clean water and sanitation infrastructure has not been evenly distributed in Banjar district.
Found a consultant with the communications gap between government agencies. This led to the determination of target villages, not in accordance with the priority scale. Entry List for Use of Budget PAMSIMAS program at Banjar District, in 2010, fell not on time so that implementation is delayed. From two years of implementation PAMSIMAS in Banjar district can be concluded, that the time for the preparation process of empowerment and behavior change, too limited or narrow, not sufficient.
Tasikmalaya District
Problems in Tasikmalaya regency PAMSIMAS program related to the management and maintenance of facilities and infrastructure PAMSIMAS, after waking up. Necessary unity of understanding between agencies involved in program development PAMSIMAS. Included in the administration of agency budgets in the development PAMSIMAS.
In Tasikmalaya Regency is the case, means PAMSIMAS built first, and checked the quality of the water, indicating a gap of communication and coordination between sectors.
Community activities related to the culture ponds and sanitation, is a challenge for program PAMSIMAS. Community empowerment program in the program PAMSIMAS require more attention and time of implementation guidelines.
Program Stages
In three of the City / County location PAMSIMAS program implementation, shown the importance of community empowerment in the phase of the program execution time PAMSIMAS. To explore the effectiveness of time, an examination of the perceptions, knowledge and experience of managing the program, which consists of facilitators, village, and the management of water and sanitation sector institutions in society.
The result is, all the stages which are not categorized as effective, is in the planning stages. Most of the form of empowerment. The nine stages are: sectoral coordination of districts, the preparation longlist districts, establishment of villages PAMSIMAS location, method of MPA-PHST, Preparation proaksi, triggers with CLTS, Mobilization CHAPTER behavior changes, behavior changes CHAPTER Certification, and Preparation RKM . Left stages of implementation according to the guidelines PAMSIMAS compared with the time stage of the research results can be seen in table 1.
Table 1.
Stages PAMSIMAS Activities
From the research, it can be concluded that in general, providing time to implement the program PAMSIMAS is enough, especially for construction activities. The process of empowerment in PAMSIMAS programs, need to be noticed and corrected, especially in the determination of the village until the certification CHAPTER behavior, which included community and changing patterns of behavior.
The capacity of recipient communities varied programs, influential in the effectiveness phase of the program. Communities that have high capacity (terutam of educational background and economic ability) will be easier in mengembangankan program.
Needed clarity in the material aspects or stages of socialization in the community, particularly regarding the sequence of the socialized aspects. PAMSIMAS program managers need to do an evaluation after a socialization, so if there is a lack of unfamiliarity in the community, can be fixed. From the results of Focus Group Disscusion found, still needs to be disseminated lanjtuan to implementing the program, because it still met the inequality defining the program.
Increased preparedness community self-supporting institution in terms of quantity and quality, to capture and develop programs PAMSIMAS, became one of the research findings. The ability of the community in social institutions, their economic ability to pay dues and the preservation of the environment around water sources become important elements of program sustainability.
Improved coordination across sectors need to be more intensive, because of the Focus Group Disscusion there are sectors that have not been involved, even the working group that should exist at the district / city has not seen its existence. The results of the assessment phase, the effectiveness of time as can be seen in table 2.
Table 2.
Stages Assessment Activities PAMSIMAS
Recommendations for program managers
As a step to streamline the time, necessary to formulate the coordination structures at district / city (in terms of schedule, agenda, agencies involved, roles and responsibilities, budget and related issues), so as to create coordination between programs and sectors, at every stage of activity through regular meeting agreed.
To improve the effectiveness of time associated with the stages of PAMSIMAS, may be setting time (time management / schedule), with periodic re-warning (reminding), for interested parties submit the village to the list.
From the research, empowerment activities can not be implemented simultaneously with the physical development projects, which need to be prepared in a different time (the process is done first, so if time is less empowerment, there is still time in years the implementation of physical development).
At the time of socialization in the community, the need for clarity and decisiveness on stage PAMSIMAS activities.
Managers need to consider the availability of water resources, water quality (physical, chemical, biological) and quantity (liters / family), which is distributed to the beneficiaries.
PAMSIMAS Managers need to consult and coordinate with the taps, especially regarding service areas, water resources, maintenance of infrastructure, quality of water services and the determination of family contributions of beneficiaries. Managers need to conduct value-benefit calculation, the results are communicated to the beneficiary community, after they implemented the program PAMSIMAS. So that together they try to maintain the sustainability of their drinking water supplies independently, through the maintenance of infrastructure institutional management, order fee, and increase the capacity and capability in the management of drinking water. Mainly because the value of great benefits, cause payback period can be very quickly accomplished.
Recommendations for beneficiary communities
Details of activities to be carried out in RKM prepared by involving the community. Not only handed over to the companion of society (empowerment, health, engineering).
Needs and capabilities improvement program receiving communities can be bridged by increasing the quality and ability of community companion.
SPAM Management Agency need to think about PAMSIMAS development, as a business unit of the community (make bussiness plan), to sustain operations and further development.
MFI and BP SPAM needs to increase the number of women's involvement in the composition of its membership, given the contribution of women in the household water supply.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jumat, 01 April 2011
problems of low cost appartment delayed implementation
Abstract
Construction of flats, after the fourth year, starting from 2004 has only reached about 30% of the original plan. The government hopes the availability of 60,000 apartment units through 2009. However, the total flats that had been built up in 2008 reached only 15,400 units.
This study aims to identify the problems of delayed implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia. So that steps can be taken further efforts to resolve the problem. Recommendations from this study is not yet final findings. Further studies are needed to find problem-solving strategies that have been identified.
Identify the problems of delayed development of this program, carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitatively, namely by conducting policy studies and literature. Whether that has been issued by the government and private, relating to the construction of flats. The study of literature, deals with real problems that caused delays and the latest development of this program in Indonesia.
The conclusion of this research is the identification of problems, which caused delays in implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia.
Keywords: flats, problems, identification, too late
A. Background
Development of this program en masse, is one of the government's efforts to provide adequate housing for its citizens. The program is in latarbelakangi by a national public issues, related to the expansion of slums located in the city - cities and metropolitan.
UN Habitat, an international agency dealing with housing issues, estimates that nearly one billion people live in slums, in the cities of the world. Where most of the slums are located in the city - the city of developing countries. They predict that if the problem is not the slums handled properly, then the number of people living in slums will double in 2030.
Seeing the trend, vertical housing programs into one effort to reduce, even more so in reducing the rate of growth of slums.
Another problem underlying the development of this program is limited and the high price of land in urban areas. Jakarta as Indonesia's largest city, has a percentage of the population growth of 1.3% per year. Having housing needs of 70,000 residential units per year. Jakarta land area of 66,152 hectares, 39,691 hectares to be allocated for housing. While land prices in Jakarta have been very high. As an example, land prices in the area of Kemayoran reached the price of USD $ 5,000,000.00 per square meter.
Program flats, although not yet able to be optimistic about this problem but it is a desire from both the government will answer the needs of residents living land.
Provision of housing programs, whether conducted by government, private and community, based on calculation experiencing shortages (backlog). In 2007 recorded a national housing backlog of 5.8 million units. So the government should at least be able to provide between 800,000 to 1.2 million housing units per year. To be able to pursue such backlog. The existence of backlog provision of decent housing, especially for low-income communities, a lot happening in the city - the big city. Construction of flats to reduce the backlog of housing, as a strategic step.
Construction of flats, the government is also seen as a tool in rejuvenating the area. As examples of flats in Jakarta Lower Dam, built at the same time as a form of rejuvenation of residential areas, due to a catastrophic fire. Rejuvenation of the region is an activity with the primary objective to increase the potential of a target area, mostly done with the development of this integrated.
The implementation of the construction of flats in an area, also a first step, from activities that support the various regional development programs. This is caused by terhuninya an apartment would make the development of a residential area. like a lot happening in the environment area apartment in Batam.
Construction of flats, after the fourth year, starting from 2004 has only reached about 30% of the original plan. The government hopes the availability of 60,000 apartment units through 2009. However, the total flats that had been built up in 2008 reached only 15,400 units.
Serious intention of the Government of Indonesia to spur construction of flats, stipulated in Presidential Decree No. 22 of 2006 on the Acceleration of Development Co-ordination Team in the Area Urban Flats. Coordinator is designated as the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs. By looking at the composition of membership in the Decree, should the problem of coordination is no longer an obstacle. However, in the implementation of development in the field, institutional coordination problems still occur.
B. Goal
This study aims to identify the problems of delayed implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia. So that steps can be taken further efforts to resolve the problem. Recommendations from this study is not yet final findings. Further studies are needed to find problem-solving strategies that have been identified.
C. Methodology
Identify the problems of delayed development of this program, carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitatively, namely by conducting policy studies and literature. Whether that has been issued by the government and private, relating to the construction of flats. The study of literature, deals with real problems that caused delays and the latest development of this program in Indonesia.
Quantitative studies conducted at three study sites, namely in flats Cokrodirjan Yogyakarta, Dam Downstream II, Jakarta and Griya Pelita Mas, Batam. Quantitative studies conducted to look into the matter of delay from the standpoint of the apartment building itself.
The total sample studied, taken at random and proportional is 143 of 986 Head of the Family, with a division of 50/300 families from Griya Pelita Mas Batam, 63/614 KK from Flat Benhil II Jakarta, Cokrodirjan Flat 30/72 households from Yogyakarta. Respondents in flats Cokrodirjan from Yogyakarta itself as one of the conditions are inhabiting Rusunawa Cokrodirjan original residents of Yogyakarta as evidenced by the ownership ID Yogyakarta. While the origin of the respondents in the Jakarta area half came from Jakarta and the other half is overseas, from outside Jakarta. Rental system - which is on sale Benhil II rise towers such conditions this. For Batam area which is the goal area there are diversity job seekers from the region of this study. However, most respondents came from the area on the island of Sumatra.
Most respondents had graduated from high school education. Because the target of a simple residential towers indeed lead to low-income communities, then the profile of education at this level is a common thing. With regard to research, people who had completed his education up to secondary stage already has the ability - the practical ability to meet living life.
Shape the profession of the respondents came from the private sector and entrepreneurs. As a general profile of the Indonesian population living mostly in the field - the field of entrepreneurship.
D. Conceptual foundation
A good development program is a program that has a value of sustainability. Or often termed as sustainable development. The definition of sustainable development, as quoted from http://id.wikipedia.org is the process of development (land, cities, businesses, communities, etc.) that principled "meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations." One factor that must be overcome to achieve sustainable development is how to repair the destruction of the environment without sacrificing the needs of economic development and social justice.
If we look at aspects of sustainable development, it will be found three fundamental aspects. Namely social, economic and environmental.
Sustainable development then subdivided into several elements. The element of sustainable development, with economic development orientation ignore sustainability of natural resources and preserve the ability of environmental carrying capacity include (Soeriaatmadja, 1995):
1. Resurrection of growth (economic)
Sustainable development orientation in the effort to overcome the problems faced by community groups who do not (yet) helpless, namely people who are still shackled by poverty. Because poverty reduces the ability of humans to be able to exploit natural resources in a sustainable manner; even otherwise has a tendency to give weight to the environment.
2. Changes in the quality of growth (economic)
Sustainable development must have a change of growth itself. Economic growth also must be able to calculate the cost of ecology. This is because economic development will not be sustainable, if it makes the availability of natural resources vulnerable.
3. Meeting the needs of human primary
Sustainable development should ensure the availability of primary human needs. Good for people who are economically empowered or not. The main requirement is the need for jobs, food availability, production and energy consumption, the provision of housing, clean water, environmental health and education and health facilities.
4. Guarantee the sustainability level of population
Sustainable development are concerned to maintain the population size, and the need for materials and energy did not exceed the capacity of ecosystem productivity where the population is flourishing. Population growth in developing countries found beyond the Government's ability to control the various needs of supporting facilities and infrastructure, so that they appear wild slums and that can lead to lower quality of life.
5. Preservation and enhancement of natural resources essential
Natural resources are mainly concerned with agriculture became one of the concentration of sustainable development. This is mainly related to the availability of natural resources for future generations.
6. Reorienting technology and risk management
The technology in accordance with sustainable development, is an environmentally friendly technologies and sources or can be developed
7. The combination of ecological considerations and economic considerations in decision making processes
Decision making in sustainable development, placing economic considerations with ecology in the process. Especially for policy and strategy, planning or design and construction of a development activity.
E. Analysis
1. Party Role
In the operation of apartment building there are three parties that play a role. The first is the builder, apartment buildings and the environment itself as well as residents. Third parties have elements and factors - factors inhibiting the development of this program implementation.
Party builder flats broadly divided into two. That is from government and private. From the government side, divided into two: central agencies funded by the state budget. As the Ministry of Public Housing and Public Works Department. Local agencies that use both at the provincial budget and the County / City.
Party builder that comes from the private sector, can also be divided into two. That is the part of the semi-government (State / National / Public Corporation) and the developer. Semi-government agency such as the PT Jamsostek, Perum Perumnas, Batam Authority Board. From private parties such as PT Prime Gate Prima Tbk, PT Primaland Internusa, PT Anggana, PT Rajawali Core Indonesia, etc..
Flats have the same meaning with the apartment. But for Indonesian community purport flats more often leads to the residential units designated for low-income communities. While the apartment is more aimed at the residential flats for middle and high income people.
Flats on the basis of ownership is divided into three types, namely the rental system, rental property and - courtesy. Based on the high or the amount of floor-rise flats were divided into low, medium and high. Based on the designation of apartment residents were divided into simple, intermediate and luxury (intermediate and luxury apartments).
Flats definition according to Law No. 16 of 1985 About the House flats, is building high rise building built in an environment, which is divided into sections which are structured functionally or veritikal in the horizontal direction and is a unit, each unit can be owned and used separately, particularly for shelter, equipped with the part-joint, shared objects and the ground-joint.
Residents, especially the towers is simple, has several characteristics. Residents can come from low-income communities originating from the location of population displacement (relocation). Group of residents who come from the worker / employee of a company / institution. Another group of residents are students.
Table 1.
Parties Contribute to the implementation of Housing
2. Emerging Issues
The problem of delay, the apartment building programs that have been announced by the government, is a combination of constraints from the three key elements.
From the element builder, the main factor was the delay in construction of flats with limited budgets. 1000 development program is estimated by Menpera towers to cost $ 50 trillion rupiah. If the program is planned to implemented in the period of 5 years, the large funds required to build 1,000 towers it is 10 trillion dollars per year. Project construction is very heavy towers if only relying on the state budget and local budget.
As an illustration, the budget allocation through the budget managed by DG Cipta Karya in the year 2007 amounted to 427 billion rupiah. Used to build 45 twinblok Rusunawa. This budget allocation has only reached less than 5% in order to achieve development targets 200 towers a year. While the budget of the region, we take the example of Jakarta, in 2006 budgeted 246.12 billion rupiah.
Problems associated with the builder handover, is coordination between central and local parties. Or from the builder to the receiver or manager. As disclosed Deputy Assistant Housing Provision Kemenpera Paul Marpaung (Kompas Friday, September 5, 2008) triggered the handover delay rules overlap between central and local governments. The problems that have not been good coordination is a problem that appears in the construction of flats.
With the high price of land in urban areas, and also providing simple towers are more directed to the MBR, the supply of land becomes an obligation for the government as the servant of the people. Use of land to build towers, requires a strong commitment from landowners. Even needed a stronger bond to encourage the provision of land. The delay in development programs towers one main factor is due to difficulties in finding land that is representative.
Other problems that hamper the construction of towers is the licensing. A late exit permit will delay the development process that resulted in losses for the developer. This problem can be derived from the institution issuing the permit, the system of rules or the actors who play in it.
The delay in development programs towers, also somewhat influenced by not terhuninya building towers that already exist. The problem that often become obstacles of building towers is the infrastructure that lie fallow due to delays the process of handover from the builder to the manager.
From the results of research on Infrastructure towers at three locations on the cleanliness of public space, it was discovered the following. The cleanliness of public spaces according to the manager at the Griya Pelita Mas and Flat Cokrodirjan enough. By reason of residents and managers work together to maintain environmental hygiene. While in Flat Benhil II confessed clean, with the same reason.
Table 2.
Cleanliness Flat
Based on data collected through questionnaires, the third location of the study considers that the environmental quality of their apartment quite clean. Although found in cases of dissatisfaction in some individuals of the quality of their environmental cleanliness. In the Flat Benhil II, for instance, there is dirt - dirt garbage, which turned out to community residents flats are still considered within the limits of reasonableness.
Provision of clean water in the apartment, still is an issue that needs to look for alternatives in its provision. From the results of the study found the likelihood that drinking water quality is poor. As many as 30% of residents feel less towers with clean water services within the towers. Meanwhile, residents who are satisfied with the service water towers is 17%.
Flat condition Cokrodirjan, supplying clean water are still apprehensive. Residents expressed his opinion that the water is very dirty, unpleasant taste when cooked, yellow water, because they can not be consumed or less good for health, and other bad things. In the Flat Benhil II residents revealed that the water tariff should not be too expensive, sometimes die when it is needed, less clean and sometimes no water, turbid water occasionally, until the need to be filtered first.
Table 3.
Flat Water Conditions
Likewise, the dirty water treatment, was still unable to satisfy occupants towers. Respondents who felt still plagued with dirty water treatment there are as many as 28% while that was quite satisfied with dirty water treatment service that is only 12% only. From here we can see that in fact both clean and dirty water to be part of the problem of supplying towers. Things - things that complained of by residents associated with strong odors, leaks, and clogged by garbage.
Social activities are commonly used residents socialize with other residents, in Flat Cokrodirjan is in Arisan mothers - mothers, meet regularly every month, community centers, neighborhood health center, social gathering, taking jimpitan. Activities conducted in a building that can be used together with other communities and office towers. Residents Benhil II using Flat Hall, Multipurpose Room & Garden, Field Sports, Mosque Complex Flats as a place to socialize them. While Citizens Griya Pelita Mas use sports field, houses, roads, and places of worship.
The need for places of worship are still not satisfactory occupant towers. As one social facilities, houses of worship become part should be provided to ensure the environmental quality of towers. From the research, there are still citizens of towers that have not found satisfaction in performing their worship in the towers, although there are also people who already feel the fulfillment of the need for places of worship. Comparison of satisfied and not satisfied is 2 compared to 3
Table 3.
Flat Facilities
Lack of provision of health clinics to ensure the citizens of towers is also one part of the problem of supplying towers. Residents describe the condition of health facilities in the absence of medical practices and health services, relying on a nearby clinic. Yet the holding center in towers to help people.
Conference facilities which became the main room of meetings between residents still felt lacking. The tendency to feel a lack of conference facilities is felt in all three study sites, it is quite alarming given the importance of this facility.
Playground facilities for children - children are still less by placing only 10% of residents who feel that providing a place to play good and 41% feel less. This allows us to see that attention to children - child resident towers have become a priority the development and management of flats.
The condition is more severe is the problem of library provision, as part of service to the community about the information and data, the existence of libraries in the towers in appalling condition. 72% of citizens feel the need for the existence of the library for them.
Open space or park is also a need for public facilities. From the research found that the need for open space or park for residents felt less towers that is equal to 34%. Meanwhile, those who consider that the requirement had been fulfilled only 7% only.
As for the provision of sports facilities were already being felt sufficient existence, residents who love the sport has been to utilize existing facilities in the vicinity of their residential towers. Although not all forms of sports games are embodied, but existing facilities can already be used.
Table 4.
Flat Facilities
Shopping facilities that already exist within the towers, mewadai enough for the needs of towers to buy their daily needs - today.
Provision of facilities for the anticipation of fire was also not provided with the best, from field observation and tally the questionnaire, was found less unprepared flats on the fire hazard.
From the results of research on the identification Paying Ability and willingness Medium Low-Income Communities (Widaningrum, 2007), found that only in the apartment just type 21 low-income communities have a reasonable ability to pay. That is equal to 77% of respondents, with a willingness to pay by 30%. As for unit type 36 percent repayment capacity dropped dramatically to 43% with a willingness to pay is only 5%.
Still from the same study conducted in Bandung Rusunawa Castle, stated that the ability to pay the occupants in the range of Rp. 75.000,00 - Rp. 450,000.00 per month. Yet when compared with Permenpera no. 07 years 2007 to the target group III the lowest monthly cost is calculated by Rp. 393,750.00 in the first two months and increased to Rp. 559,196.00 in the third. So that has been granted government subsidies, have not achieved the ability to pay people, including the MBR.
To build an apartment based on the calculation Permenpera no. 07 of 2007 is in the price range perunit Rp.125.009.359, 00. This is a later by the government strived to create a pattern of cross subsidies. Cross-subsidy is done by dividing into three groups targeted by pay-per-unit count that is equal to USD 75,000,000.00, USD 110,000,000.00 and USD. 144,000,000.00.
The constraints that arise from the occupants towers, causing delays development of this program that is associated with occupant obligation to pay monthly expenses (rent, if any). Based on the research found that the cost or the money to be paid regularly to the managers tend to be considered expensive by the occupants who are in Griya Pelita Mas, Batam. ± 40% of respondents answered expensive monthly fee.
Table 5.
Rental Costs
Reason residents towers, which considers the cost of a monthly routine that must be paid to expensive manager, are among others: costs are not comparable with monthly income, which could lease only those high income; Not according to the room facilities that are open with cement floor; less fitted to the poor economy down; hard to earn money while the price of expensive needs, their salary can not be saved anymore, not in accordance with the present life of another crisis, a small but expensive.
As for the reason of less expensive is: Compared to other (another rental residential) towers better facilities; compared to other places is not high enough, compared with less expensive to rent a private home.
While a reasonably assume that the costs are still reasonable grounds, is the ability of all residents; still affordable for the economically weak, fair to people who are poor, because according to income and the appropriate market
Costs paid in addition to regular monthly rents are: to Flat Cokrodirjan Yogyakarta electricity, water, garbage, administration, jimpitan / ronda, fine. To Benhil II Jakarta Flats equipment maintenance, management in the Flats, PAM, Electricity, Sanitation and General Services. In Griya Pelita Mas Batam, the cost used for security, cleanliness boarding house payment, child emergency boarding fees, and clean water.
Another problem which makes the development program does not reach its goals due to the transfer of ownership. As an example the case of exposure is disclosed in the following research results.
In Griya Pelita Mas developers are not and need not be aware of any transfer of property rights to others. While in Flat Cokrodirjan because the system only rental and a low price, then the minimal transfer of rights to inhabit, plus a short rental period is only 3 years. In the Flat Benhil II occupancy already bought, the transfer of ownership is difficult monitored. Where the manager aware of any transfer of ownership.
Table 5.
Rental Costs
In the Flat Cokrodirjan and Griya Pelita Mas, the manager felt not aware of any transfer of property rights to others. The transfer of property rights more pronounced in the Griya Pelita Mas and towers Benhil II, this is caused by residential status and / or price of a relatively high occupancy. Flat Residents Benhil II largely aware of any transfer of ownership.
Culture is changing lives is also a factor for the reluctance of (prospective) inhabitants to live in the towers. MBR which has social force more powerful than other classes of society, requires a more communal space. This pattern is somewhat less can be found in the towers. In addition, the tendency to add space as needed, it is difficult to accommodate the massive structure towers. For example residents desire to keep animals as entertainment or less can be accommodated.
However residents can still do the adaptation in the towers. From research on inter-residential settings, found that residents feel in good enough condition. However, the condition complained of is about the inhabitants of the selfish, the emergence of individualistic attitudes, laundry room is less light,
In the life lived in the towers also encountered cases of social conflict among fellow residents. But the level of conflict experienced by still within reasonable limits. There are towers of 21% residents who have experienced social conflict. But in general, still in a harmonious situation.
Although the social conditions in a state of harmony but residents felt the towers were in need of supervision of their daily lives. This raises a thought symptom of a need for a better atmosphere in terms of living together in flats. The trend worries social conflict arises in citizen towers can be seen from the range of magnitude answer to residents who require supervision in their lives in the apartment that is equal to 61% of respondents.
In addition, there is still one more problem, namely the construction of towers located in the suburbs resulted in a sense kept away from work for the MBR. Especially for the occupants of the towers is a community affected by the relocation. This reason a lot of reluctance to appear.
Map of the problem of delay towers development programs nationwide, from parties that play a role in the operation of towers reflected in the following table.
Table 6.
Problems of Development Delay
Conclusions and Recommendations
The conclusion of this research is the identification of problems, which caused delays in implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia. Problems such as set forth in Table 6. Is a combination of problems facing the three parties that play a role in the operation of towers.
If the issue is reviewed using the theory of glasses sustainable program implementation, it can be made a development scheme as follows.
Table 7.
Flat and Sustainable Development
The builder should be promoting change the quality of growth. By building towers of matter and energy-efficient, thus the problems associated with limited budgets will be more suppressed. Likewise, the cost for maintenance of infrastructure and the ingredients. In addition, by promoting renewable materials will make the towers a national development project environmentally friendly. It can be applied in the selection of building structures, building siding, doors and window frames and other materials.
Government as initiator of the construction of towers need to take action, to ensure the sustainability level of population. This is about the certainty of subsistence, clothing - food - board - health - education. By setting a budget pro on meeting basic needs, then it is likely illegal MBR to inhabit the area will be reduced and can be overcome. So that area - an area illegally occupied by the MBR can be used to develop the towers.
The low coordination and licensing constraints, an issue that can be overcome by providing a common understanding of development policies relating to the ideal. With emphasis on the principles of ecological considerations - economics in decision-making, it is expected that there is equality principle in making decisions. The owner of the area, builders towers, licensors will agree that play a role in building the towers, in accordance with the principles of nature conservation, preservation of environmental quality and capability. So the development program towers have a value of sustainability.
The problem faced by building towers and the environment associated with damage to infrastructure, lack of synchronization of environmental infrastructure and building and selling price of a house is expensive, requires a solution related to the preservation and enhancement of natural resources and fundamental reorientation of technology and risk control. This solution relates to the use of local potential in which the towers were built. By calculating the ecological burden of social-economic-development due to towers, the selection of the technology used and the anticipation of building damage.
The problem faced by residents (or potential) related to the routine costs that must be removed, the culture and feelings stay away from work (income) can be solved by the model attempted revival of growth and fulfillment of primary needs of man. This solution is applied to the MBR as prospective residents since the beginning of the process. Open employment with the existence of towers. For example, by providing a means of shopping for a place of business. Or open up opportunities and business opportunities from other sectors.
Measures proposed in the above efforts, in resolving the problem of delay towers development programs, still require further study, so find a correct solution and tested.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Construction of flats, after the fourth year, starting from 2004 has only reached about 30% of the original plan. The government hopes the availability of 60,000 apartment units through 2009. However, the total flats that had been built up in 2008 reached only 15,400 units.
This study aims to identify the problems of delayed implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia. So that steps can be taken further efforts to resolve the problem. Recommendations from this study is not yet final findings. Further studies are needed to find problem-solving strategies that have been identified.
Identify the problems of delayed development of this program, carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitatively, namely by conducting policy studies and literature. Whether that has been issued by the government and private, relating to the construction of flats. The study of literature, deals with real problems that caused delays and the latest development of this program in Indonesia.
The conclusion of this research is the identification of problems, which caused delays in implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia.
Keywords: flats, problems, identification, too late
A. Background
Development of this program en masse, is one of the government's efforts to provide adequate housing for its citizens. The program is in latarbelakangi by a national public issues, related to the expansion of slums located in the city - cities and metropolitan.
UN Habitat, an international agency dealing with housing issues, estimates that nearly one billion people live in slums, in the cities of the world. Where most of the slums are located in the city - the city of developing countries. They predict that if the problem is not the slums handled properly, then the number of people living in slums will double in 2030.
Seeing the trend, vertical housing programs into one effort to reduce, even more so in reducing the rate of growth of slums.
Another problem underlying the development of this program is limited and the high price of land in urban areas. Jakarta as Indonesia's largest city, has a percentage of the population growth of 1.3% per year. Having housing needs of 70,000 residential units per year. Jakarta land area of 66,152 hectares, 39,691 hectares to be allocated for housing. While land prices in Jakarta have been very high. As an example, land prices in the area of Kemayoran reached the price of USD $ 5,000,000.00 per square meter.
Program flats, although not yet able to be optimistic about this problem but it is a desire from both the government will answer the needs of residents living land.
Provision of housing programs, whether conducted by government, private and community, based on calculation experiencing shortages (backlog). In 2007 recorded a national housing backlog of 5.8 million units. So the government should at least be able to provide between 800,000 to 1.2 million housing units per year. To be able to pursue such backlog. The existence of backlog provision of decent housing, especially for low-income communities, a lot happening in the city - the big city. Construction of flats to reduce the backlog of housing, as a strategic step.
Construction of flats, the government is also seen as a tool in rejuvenating the area. As examples of flats in Jakarta Lower Dam, built at the same time as a form of rejuvenation of residential areas, due to a catastrophic fire. Rejuvenation of the region is an activity with the primary objective to increase the potential of a target area, mostly done with the development of this integrated.
The implementation of the construction of flats in an area, also a first step, from activities that support the various regional development programs. This is caused by terhuninya an apartment would make the development of a residential area. like a lot happening in the environment area apartment in Batam.
Construction of flats, after the fourth year, starting from 2004 has only reached about 30% of the original plan. The government hopes the availability of 60,000 apartment units through 2009. However, the total flats that had been built up in 2008 reached only 15,400 units.
Serious intention of the Government of Indonesia to spur construction of flats, stipulated in Presidential Decree No. 22 of 2006 on the Acceleration of Development Co-ordination Team in the Area Urban Flats. Coordinator is designated as the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs. By looking at the composition of membership in the Decree, should the problem of coordination is no longer an obstacle. However, in the implementation of development in the field, institutional coordination problems still occur.
B. Goal
This study aims to identify the problems of delayed implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia. So that steps can be taken further efforts to resolve the problem. Recommendations from this study is not yet final findings. Further studies are needed to find problem-solving strategies that have been identified.
C. Methodology
Identify the problems of delayed development of this program, carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitatively, namely by conducting policy studies and literature. Whether that has been issued by the government and private, relating to the construction of flats. The study of literature, deals with real problems that caused delays and the latest development of this program in Indonesia.
Quantitative studies conducted at three study sites, namely in flats Cokrodirjan Yogyakarta, Dam Downstream II, Jakarta and Griya Pelita Mas, Batam. Quantitative studies conducted to look into the matter of delay from the standpoint of the apartment building itself.
The total sample studied, taken at random and proportional is 143 of 986 Head of the Family, with a division of 50/300 families from Griya Pelita Mas Batam, 63/614 KK from Flat Benhil II Jakarta, Cokrodirjan Flat 30/72 households from Yogyakarta. Respondents in flats Cokrodirjan from Yogyakarta itself as one of the conditions are inhabiting Rusunawa Cokrodirjan original residents of Yogyakarta as evidenced by the ownership ID Yogyakarta. While the origin of the respondents in the Jakarta area half came from Jakarta and the other half is overseas, from outside Jakarta. Rental system - which is on sale Benhil II rise towers such conditions this. For Batam area which is the goal area there are diversity job seekers from the region of this study. However, most respondents came from the area on the island of Sumatra.
Most respondents had graduated from high school education. Because the target of a simple residential towers indeed lead to low-income communities, then the profile of education at this level is a common thing. With regard to research, people who had completed his education up to secondary stage already has the ability - the practical ability to meet living life.
Shape the profession of the respondents came from the private sector and entrepreneurs. As a general profile of the Indonesian population living mostly in the field - the field of entrepreneurship.
D. Conceptual foundation
A good development program is a program that has a value of sustainability. Or often termed as sustainable development. The definition of sustainable development, as quoted from http://id.wikipedia.org is the process of development (land, cities, businesses, communities, etc.) that principled "meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations." One factor that must be overcome to achieve sustainable development is how to repair the destruction of the environment without sacrificing the needs of economic development and social justice.
If we look at aspects of sustainable development, it will be found three fundamental aspects. Namely social, economic and environmental.
Sustainable development then subdivided into several elements. The element of sustainable development, with economic development orientation ignore sustainability of natural resources and preserve the ability of environmental carrying capacity include (Soeriaatmadja, 1995):
1. Resurrection of growth (economic)
Sustainable development orientation in the effort to overcome the problems faced by community groups who do not (yet) helpless, namely people who are still shackled by poverty. Because poverty reduces the ability of humans to be able to exploit natural resources in a sustainable manner; even otherwise has a tendency to give weight to the environment.
2. Changes in the quality of growth (economic)
Sustainable development must have a change of growth itself. Economic growth also must be able to calculate the cost of ecology. This is because economic development will not be sustainable, if it makes the availability of natural resources vulnerable.
3. Meeting the needs of human primary
Sustainable development should ensure the availability of primary human needs. Good for people who are economically empowered or not. The main requirement is the need for jobs, food availability, production and energy consumption, the provision of housing, clean water, environmental health and education and health facilities.
4. Guarantee the sustainability level of population
Sustainable development are concerned to maintain the population size, and the need for materials and energy did not exceed the capacity of ecosystem productivity where the population is flourishing. Population growth in developing countries found beyond the Government's ability to control the various needs of supporting facilities and infrastructure, so that they appear wild slums and that can lead to lower quality of life.
5. Preservation and enhancement of natural resources essential
Natural resources are mainly concerned with agriculture became one of the concentration of sustainable development. This is mainly related to the availability of natural resources for future generations.
6. Reorienting technology and risk management
The technology in accordance with sustainable development, is an environmentally friendly technologies and sources or can be developed
7. The combination of ecological considerations and economic considerations in decision making processes
Decision making in sustainable development, placing economic considerations with ecology in the process. Especially for policy and strategy, planning or design and construction of a development activity.
E. Analysis
1. Party Role
In the operation of apartment building there are three parties that play a role. The first is the builder, apartment buildings and the environment itself as well as residents. Third parties have elements and factors - factors inhibiting the development of this program implementation.
Party builder flats broadly divided into two. That is from government and private. From the government side, divided into two: central agencies funded by the state budget. As the Ministry of Public Housing and Public Works Department. Local agencies that use both at the provincial budget and the County / City.
Party builder that comes from the private sector, can also be divided into two. That is the part of the semi-government (State / National / Public Corporation) and the developer. Semi-government agency such as the PT Jamsostek, Perum Perumnas, Batam Authority Board. From private parties such as PT Prime Gate Prima Tbk, PT Primaland Internusa, PT Anggana, PT Rajawali Core Indonesia, etc..
Flats have the same meaning with the apartment. But for Indonesian community purport flats more often leads to the residential units designated for low-income communities. While the apartment is more aimed at the residential flats for middle and high income people.
Flats on the basis of ownership is divided into three types, namely the rental system, rental property and - courtesy. Based on the high or the amount of floor-rise flats were divided into low, medium and high. Based on the designation of apartment residents were divided into simple, intermediate and luxury (intermediate and luxury apartments).
Flats definition according to Law No. 16 of 1985 About the House flats, is building high rise building built in an environment, which is divided into sections which are structured functionally or veritikal in the horizontal direction and is a unit, each unit can be owned and used separately, particularly for shelter, equipped with the part-joint, shared objects and the ground-joint.
Residents, especially the towers is simple, has several characteristics. Residents can come from low-income communities originating from the location of population displacement (relocation). Group of residents who come from the worker / employee of a company / institution. Another group of residents are students.
Table 1.
Parties Contribute to the implementation of Housing
2. Emerging Issues
The problem of delay, the apartment building programs that have been announced by the government, is a combination of constraints from the three key elements.
From the element builder, the main factor was the delay in construction of flats with limited budgets. 1000 development program is estimated by Menpera towers to cost $ 50 trillion rupiah. If the program is planned to implemented in the period of 5 years, the large funds required to build 1,000 towers it is 10 trillion dollars per year. Project construction is very heavy towers if only relying on the state budget and local budget.
As an illustration, the budget allocation through the budget managed by DG Cipta Karya in the year 2007 amounted to 427 billion rupiah. Used to build 45 twinblok Rusunawa. This budget allocation has only reached less than 5% in order to achieve development targets 200 towers a year. While the budget of the region, we take the example of Jakarta, in 2006 budgeted 246.12 billion rupiah.
Problems associated with the builder handover, is coordination between central and local parties. Or from the builder to the receiver or manager. As disclosed Deputy Assistant Housing Provision Kemenpera Paul Marpaung (Kompas Friday, September 5, 2008) triggered the handover delay rules overlap between central and local governments. The problems that have not been good coordination is a problem that appears in the construction of flats.
With the high price of land in urban areas, and also providing simple towers are more directed to the MBR, the supply of land becomes an obligation for the government as the servant of the people. Use of land to build towers, requires a strong commitment from landowners. Even needed a stronger bond to encourage the provision of land. The delay in development programs towers one main factor is due to difficulties in finding land that is representative.
Other problems that hamper the construction of towers is the licensing. A late exit permit will delay the development process that resulted in losses for the developer. This problem can be derived from the institution issuing the permit, the system of rules or the actors who play in it.
The delay in development programs towers, also somewhat influenced by not terhuninya building towers that already exist. The problem that often become obstacles of building towers is the infrastructure that lie fallow due to delays the process of handover from the builder to the manager.
From the results of research on Infrastructure towers at three locations on the cleanliness of public space, it was discovered the following. The cleanliness of public spaces according to the manager at the Griya Pelita Mas and Flat Cokrodirjan enough. By reason of residents and managers work together to maintain environmental hygiene. While in Flat Benhil II confessed clean, with the same reason.
Table 2.
Cleanliness Flat
Based on data collected through questionnaires, the third location of the study considers that the environmental quality of their apartment quite clean. Although found in cases of dissatisfaction in some individuals of the quality of their environmental cleanliness. In the Flat Benhil II, for instance, there is dirt - dirt garbage, which turned out to community residents flats are still considered within the limits of reasonableness.
Provision of clean water in the apartment, still is an issue that needs to look for alternatives in its provision. From the results of the study found the likelihood that drinking water quality is poor. As many as 30% of residents feel less towers with clean water services within the towers. Meanwhile, residents who are satisfied with the service water towers is 17%.
Flat condition Cokrodirjan, supplying clean water are still apprehensive. Residents expressed his opinion that the water is very dirty, unpleasant taste when cooked, yellow water, because they can not be consumed or less good for health, and other bad things. In the Flat Benhil II residents revealed that the water tariff should not be too expensive, sometimes die when it is needed, less clean and sometimes no water, turbid water occasionally, until the need to be filtered first.
Table 3.
Flat Water Conditions
Likewise, the dirty water treatment, was still unable to satisfy occupants towers. Respondents who felt still plagued with dirty water treatment there are as many as 28% while that was quite satisfied with dirty water treatment service that is only 12% only. From here we can see that in fact both clean and dirty water to be part of the problem of supplying towers. Things - things that complained of by residents associated with strong odors, leaks, and clogged by garbage.
Social activities are commonly used residents socialize with other residents, in Flat Cokrodirjan is in Arisan mothers - mothers, meet regularly every month, community centers, neighborhood health center, social gathering, taking jimpitan. Activities conducted in a building that can be used together with other communities and office towers. Residents Benhil II using Flat Hall, Multipurpose Room & Garden, Field Sports, Mosque Complex Flats as a place to socialize them. While Citizens Griya Pelita Mas use sports field, houses, roads, and places of worship.
The need for places of worship are still not satisfactory occupant towers. As one social facilities, houses of worship become part should be provided to ensure the environmental quality of towers. From the research, there are still citizens of towers that have not found satisfaction in performing their worship in the towers, although there are also people who already feel the fulfillment of the need for places of worship. Comparison of satisfied and not satisfied is 2 compared to 3
Table 3.
Flat Facilities
Lack of provision of health clinics to ensure the citizens of towers is also one part of the problem of supplying towers. Residents describe the condition of health facilities in the absence of medical practices and health services, relying on a nearby clinic. Yet the holding center in towers to help people.
Conference facilities which became the main room of meetings between residents still felt lacking. The tendency to feel a lack of conference facilities is felt in all three study sites, it is quite alarming given the importance of this facility.
Playground facilities for children - children are still less by placing only 10% of residents who feel that providing a place to play good and 41% feel less. This allows us to see that attention to children - child resident towers have become a priority the development and management of flats.
The condition is more severe is the problem of library provision, as part of service to the community about the information and data, the existence of libraries in the towers in appalling condition. 72% of citizens feel the need for the existence of the library for them.
Open space or park is also a need for public facilities. From the research found that the need for open space or park for residents felt less towers that is equal to 34%. Meanwhile, those who consider that the requirement had been fulfilled only 7% only.
As for the provision of sports facilities were already being felt sufficient existence, residents who love the sport has been to utilize existing facilities in the vicinity of their residential towers. Although not all forms of sports games are embodied, but existing facilities can already be used.
Table 4.
Flat Facilities
Shopping facilities that already exist within the towers, mewadai enough for the needs of towers to buy their daily needs - today.
Provision of facilities for the anticipation of fire was also not provided with the best, from field observation and tally the questionnaire, was found less unprepared flats on the fire hazard.
From the results of research on the identification Paying Ability and willingness Medium Low-Income Communities (Widaningrum, 2007), found that only in the apartment just type 21 low-income communities have a reasonable ability to pay. That is equal to 77% of respondents, with a willingness to pay by 30%. As for unit type 36 percent repayment capacity dropped dramatically to 43% with a willingness to pay is only 5%.
Still from the same study conducted in Bandung Rusunawa Castle, stated that the ability to pay the occupants in the range of Rp. 75.000,00 - Rp. 450,000.00 per month. Yet when compared with Permenpera no. 07 years 2007 to the target group III the lowest monthly cost is calculated by Rp. 393,750.00 in the first two months and increased to Rp. 559,196.00 in the third. So that has been granted government subsidies, have not achieved the ability to pay people, including the MBR.
To build an apartment based on the calculation Permenpera no. 07 of 2007 is in the price range perunit Rp.125.009.359, 00. This is a later by the government strived to create a pattern of cross subsidies. Cross-subsidy is done by dividing into three groups targeted by pay-per-unit count that is equal to USD 75,000,000.00, USD 110,000,000.00 and USD. 144,000,000.00.
The constraints that arise from the occupants towers, causing delays development of this program that is associated with occupant obligation to pay monthly expenses (rent, if any). Based on the research found that the cost or the money to be paid regularly to the managers tend to be considered expensive by the occupants who are in Griya Pelita Mas, Batam. ± 40% of respondents answered expensive monthly fee.
Table 5.
Rental Costs
Reason residents towers, which considers the cost of a monthly routine that must be paid to expensive manager, are among others: costs are not comparable with monthly income, which could lease only those high income; Not according to the room facilities that are open with cement floor; less fitted to the poor economy down; hard to earn money while the price of expensive needs, their salary can not be saved anymore, not in accordance with the present life of another crisis, a small but expensive.
As for the reason of less expensive is: Compared to other (another rental residential) towers better facilities; compared to other places is not high enough, compared with less expensive to rent a private home.
While a reasonably assume that the costs are still reasonable grounds, is the ability of all residents; still affordable for the economically weak, fair to people who are poor, because according to income and the appropriate market
Costs paid in addition to regular monthly rents are: to Flat Cokrodirjan Yogyakarta electricity, water, garbage, administration, jimpitan / ronda, fine. To Benhil II Jakarta Flats equipment maintenance, management in the Flats, PAM, Electricity, Sanitation and General Services. In Griya Pelita Mas Batam, the cost used for security, cleanliness boarding house payment, child emergency boarding fees, and clean water.
Another problem which makes the development program does not reach its goals due to the transfer of ownership. As an example the case of exposure is disclosed in the following research results.
In Griya Pelita Mas developers are not and need not be aware of any transfer of property rights to others. While in Flat Cokrodirjan because the system only rental and a low price, then the minimal transfer of rights to inhabit, plus a short rental period is only 3 years. In the Flat Benhil II occupancy already bought, the transfer of ownership is difficult monitored. Where the manager aware of any transfer of ownership.
Table 5.
Rental Costs
In the Flat Cokrodirjan and Griya Pelita Mas, the manager felt not aware of any transfer of property rights to others. The transfer of property rights more pronounced in the Griya Pelita Mas and towers Benhil II, this is caused by residential status and / or price of a relatively high occupancy. Flat Residents Benhil II largely aware of any transfer of ownership.
Culture is changing lives is also a factor for the reluctance of (prospective) inhabitants to live in the towers. MBR which has social force more powerful than other classes of society, requires a more communal space. This pattern is somewhat less can be found in the towers. In addition, the tendency to add space as needed, it is difficult to accommodate the massive structure towers. For example residents desire to keep animals as entertainment or less can be accommodated.
However residents can still do the adaptation in the towers. From research on inter-residential settings, found that residents feel in good enough condition. However, the condition complained of is about the inhabitants of the selfish, the emergence of individualistic attitudes, laundry room is less light,
In the life lived in the towers also encountered cases of social conflict among fellow residents. But the level of conflict experienced by still within reasonable limits. There are towers of 21% residents who have experienced social conflict. But in general, still in a harmonious situation.
Although the social conditions in a state of harmony but residents felt the towers were in need of supervision of their daily lives. This raises a thought symptom of a need for a better atmosphere in terms of living together in flats. The trend worries social conflict arises in citizen towers can be seen from the range of magnitude answer to residents who require supervision in their lives in the apartment that is equal to 61% of respondents.
In addition, there is still one more problem, namely the construction of towers located in the suburbs resulted in a sense kept away from work for the MBR. Especially for the occupants of the towers is a community affected by the relocation. This reason a lot of reluctance to appear.
Map of the problem of delay towers development programs nationwide, from parties that play a role in the operation of towers reflected in the following table.
Table 6.
Problems of Development Delay
Conclusions and Recommendations
The conclusion of this research is the identification of problems, which caused delays in implementation of the development of this program in Indonesia. Problems such as set forth in Table 6. Is a combination of problems facing the three parties that play a role in the operation of towers.
If the issue is reviewed using the theory of glasses sustainable program implementation, it can be made a development scheme as follows.
Table 7.
Flat and Sustainable Development
The builder should be promoting change the quality of growth. By building towers of matter and energy-efficient, thus the problems associated with limited budgets will be more suppressed. Likewise, the cost for maintenance of infrastructure and the ingredients. In addition, by promoting renewable materials will make the towers a national development project environmentally friendly. It can be applied in the selection of building structures, building siding, doors and window frames and other materials.
Government as initiator of the construction of towers need to take action, to ensure the sustainability level of population. This is about the certainty of subsistence, clothing - food - board - health - education. By setting a budget pro on meeting basic needs, then it is likely illegal MBR to inhabit the area will be reduced and can be overcome. So that area - an area illegally occupied by the MBR can be used to develop the towers.
The low coordination and licensing constraints, an issue that can be overcome by providing a common understanding of development policies relating to the ideal. With emphasis on the principles of ecological considerations - economics in decision-making, it is expected that there is equality principle in making decisions. The owner of the area, builders towers, licensors will agree that play a role in building the towers, in accordance with the principles of nature conservation, preservation of environmental quality and capability. So the development program towers have a value of sustainability.
The problem faced by building towers and the environment associated with damage to infrastructure, lack of synchronization of environmental infrastructure and building and selling price of a house is expensive, requires a solution related to the preservation and enhancement of natural resources and fundamental reorientation of technology and risk control. This solution relates to the use of local potential in which the towers were built. By calculating the ecological burden of social-economic-development due to towers, the selection of the technology used and the anticipation of building damage.
The problem faced by residents (or potential) related to the routine costs that must be removed, the culture and feelings stay away from work (income) can be solved by the model attempted revival of growth and fulfillment of primary needs of man. This solution is applied to the MBR as prospective residents since the beginning of the process. Open employment with the existence of towers. For example, by providing a means of shopping for a place of business. Or open up opportunities and business opportunities from other sectors.
Measures proposed in the above efforts, in resolving the problem of delay towers development programs, still require further study, so find a correct solution and tested.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pamsimas evaluation in tasikmalaya
Water is a basic requirement of human life. An individual requires at least 50 liters of water per day (Gleick, 1996) .1 These needs include the use of water for drinking, cooking, sanitation and other household. Meeting the needs of clean water for household consumption in Indonesia, viewed from the water distribution service providers are divided into 3 (three) parties, namely government, private sector and communities themselves.
The Indonesian government is committed to the mandate to fulfill one of the Millennium Development Goals, namely reducing half the proportion of people who do not have access to drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. Implementation of the government's commitment to the local context (county / city), constrained by several things, among other wide area services, the poor condition of society, and fiscal capacity rendah.2 This became the background of drinking water programs and community-based sanitation (PAMSIMAS).
Experience of the International Water Consultancy project in 1990, showed that community involvement can provide good planning data, faster and more effectively biaya.3 In other parts mentioned also that, the need for clean water ketersedianya with good quality to support life, a necessity human subject. Further explained that the Copenhagen declaration, affirming because water is a scarce resources and fragile, its economic costs should be defined and priorities should be recognized and enforced. Pricing is also necessary that will create a sense of responsibility and ownership of water systems. Copenhagen statement also called for all governments and relevant experts to apply these guiding principles in making and implementing national policies and action plans for them.
PAMSIMAS program that enters year three, not yet fully meet the expected target. From the district profile data 2008 status of 2010-2, found that there are 7 of 106 new districts receiving program, which has a working group on water supply and environmental sanitation. This is important considering the existence of this working group is expected to be a means of coordination and consultation of all interested parties in developing drinking water supply in the area.
As a program, PAMSIMAS program at a time will end, but as a definition of the needs of drinking water supply and sanitation will continue. To be able to measure the impact PAMSIMAS program sustainability, and values - values that are built from the program, viewed from the socio-economic and environmental aspects, the research efforts are needed that can predict and anticipate the continuation of this program.
Research conducted, in addition to predict the sustainability of the program and values - values that have been built through this program are also required to seek constraints on the implementation and then find solutions, to management development program of social, economic and environmental.
BASIC THEORY
Associated with the success criteria used for an evaluation process, Feurstein (1990:25-27) in (Adi Isbandi, 2008) 4 propose some indicators to consider. This indicator is used to examine the implementation of activities, provision of drinking water and sanitation community based in Tasikmalaya regency. The nine indicators are visible presence in the community of beneficiaries, program managers and policy makers.
The first indicator is the indicator of availability, to see if all aspects of the process PAMSIMAS program, in a handbook issued by the Directorate of public works has been carried out in Tasikmalaya regency. The next indicator is the relevance of, relating to the use of the system of water supply infrastructure at the sites. Does the implementation of the system is suitable and acceptable to the beneficiary communities.
The next important indicator is the affordability, this indicator is required to view the distance of the source of clean water especially to consumers who are the beneficiaries of the program. With regard to affordability is the coverage, in which groups of people who need these programs to underserved.
Quality indicators that need to be studied in the program, especially drinking water supply and sanitation in Tasikmalaya District, is primarily about the public perception of the quality of water they consume. The next indicator is the effort, which has been optimized to be seen whether what is done all the stakeholders to the passage of events. Indicators of efficiency is to look at the use of clean water that has been provided if it is exploited properly. And the last to be seen whether it has been a change in the beneficiary communities drinking water programs and community-based sanitation.
Location of the indicators of success used to examine the implementation of the program, to research activities can be seen in Figure 1.
Indicators of program success
Water Needs
Water Supply and Sanitation Community-Based
Continuing Activities
Social ·
· Economy
· Environment
recommendation
Figure 1. Research Framework
METHODOLOGY
Location of selected research in Tasikmalaya District, upon the recommendation of the Directorate General of Cipta Karya Ministry of Public Works, as the executing agency of the activities of Water Supply and Sanitation Community Based. That is the area with the prevalence of diseases related to high water and yet have access to drinking water and sanitation.
In the figure 2. can be seen, the low percentage of the population access to clean water through pipes / plumbing, in the Tasikmalaya regency. Most of the population still use dug wells.
The study was conducted by examining the program manager and program beneficiaries in Tasikmalaya District, and set a quota of 64 samples. Random sampling design with Cluster Proportional to Population Size transactions are carried out by means of:
Dividing the study area or city district that included in the program into the Cluster District PAMSIMAS drawn at random, then from the sub-cluster will be deployed to the village level, namely: Tasikmalaya District: 3 villages of one district.
Setting the number of clusters to be selected on the basis of the unity of the desired sample analysis, from district to village. The number of samples per village via proportional to population size by using the formula:
......................... (1)
Description:
The number of households who have served PAMSIMAS programs in 3 villages (N)
The number of samples required (n) = 64 HHs
The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe the frequency distribution of program evaluation. Then the correlation is also seen from some of the variables examined in this study. Implementation of the program later in value based on nine indicators, using the percentage of each relevant variables with the indicator. The value found then searched the average, to obtain predictions of sustainability of the program and values - values that have been built through this program. Views are also obstacles and solutions, to develop drinking water supply and sanitation community based.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In table 1. shown the results of sample calculations, using formulas (1) study sites in three villages, the village Wakap, Cidugeleun and Cinunjang.
Table 1. Distribution of Total Sample
Village
Number of people
Total sample (n)
Wakap
512
24
Cidugaleun
623
30
Cinunjang
212
10
Total
1347
64
The number of samples in the 3 villages, divided proportionally according to population PAMSIMAS beneficiaries of the program. Samples per village, do adjust to the smallest unit of the institution of PAMSIMAS programs, which are, or at district or village level.
In figure 3. displayed graphs that depict conditions in the study site visits of their socioeconomic status. In Tasikmalaya regency number of districts served by the program is 12 (twelve), with a number of villages of 15 (fifteen), and hamlets: 68 (sixty eight). From the research, the public program recipients have an average income (3a) doubled its expenditure (3b). (Rp.1.238.157, 20 appeals Rp.604.576, 11). This shows that, from their farming activities have enough in their daily lives (table 2). Research on the culture of economic activity population Tasikmalaya, among others, is the emergence of grassroots push to compete socially, because of waning influence bangsawan.6 Forms activities they are doing is to save and persevere in cultivating the fields, so they have the capital to buy land or wetland, purchased from other farmers or nobility. Another way is to trade or make handicrafts and batik. And another form is to go abroad and become a mortgagee.
From the results of the study also found that 92% of respondents owning / living in private houses, respondents who have no cars, only 28% who have a motor, 73% had refrigerators, 68% did not have television. This shows that society has chosen items that have productive value (refrigerator) than consumptive items (television). Even the trend of motor cycling, not found in the respondents in Tasikmalaya. However, levels of education up to primary school only (Table 3), causing less to the development, the welfare of the research sites.
Figure 3. The economic conditions of respondents
b. Expenditure
a. Income
Table 2. Work Table 3. Education
Job
Frequency
Percent
Last Education
Frequency
Percent
Not Working
6
9.4
No schooling
2
3.1
Farmer
27
42.2
Never graduated from elementary school
7
10.9
Merchant
4
6.2
Elementary school graduation
43
67.2
Entrepreneur
6
9.4
Never graduated from junior high school
6
9.4
Private Employees
3
4.7
Junior High School graduation
2
3.1
Civil servants / Police / Army
3
4.7
High school graduation
2
3.1
Labor
12
18.8
PT graduate (D3, S1, S2, S3)
2
3.1
Total
64
100.0
Total
64
100.0
Phase of the program to look at indicators of availability in Figure 4, shows that the results of research, performed program managers, found that there was (18.75 out of 25) 79% of the process have been identified and implemented. PAMSIMAS own program Process of socialization begins at the national level up to the stage of preparation of the governing body at the community level. This process is prepared to be implemented within 1.5 years. The success of the program manager to implement 79% PAMSIMAS process, one of which is the readiness of the facilitators, who are mostly youth graduates, who oversee the planning and technical implementation, community empowerment and health behaviors. All stages of program activities PAMSIMAS of 25 stages, divided into stages of preparation, planning and implementation.
PREPARATION PHASE
1
1
1 / 2
1 / 2
1 / 2
1 / 2
1 / 4
PLANNING STAGE
1 / 4
1 / 4
1 / 4
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
1 / 4
Figure 4. Process Activity
Description of colors: blue = yes, green = no, brown = missing, the numbers pointed to the stage of the unknown / implemented program managers
From the chart of the process of figure 4. can be seen that the problem lies at the initial stage, namely at the beginning of the process of preparation and planning. This can happen because of 2 (two) things. Firstly because of the limitations of the start time of program implementation. Where problems occur the budget disbursement. Then the second thing is still weak coordination at the district level. This is evident with the formation has not been inter-sector working group dealing with the problem of drinking water and environmental sanitation.
Indicators of relevance, can be seen in Table 4 Crosstabulation of responsibility in maintaining the water infrastructure to collect water. In the calculation it was found that the father, mother and even the whole family has a responsibility in the maintenance of water infrastructure. Similarly, in the utilization of the facilities including water collection, dominated by his mother's side. Secondly it demonstrates the ease and relevance of the technology used, so that each family member, even a mother can take a role in the utilization of infrastructure. If seen from the percentage value then it can be deduced, the relevance indicator is 100% - 23.8% (the role of the father) = 76.2%. Another thing to note, this study again confirms the important role of women in water supply for the family.
Table 4. The responsibility of infrastructure * Parties that collect water Crosstabulation
Party Collecting Water
Total
Mr /
Husband
Mother /
Wife
Child
All Family Members
Mr. And Mrs.
Community
Responsible Party
Maintain responsibility for Water Infrastructure
Father / Husband
4.8%
12.7%
.0%
1.6%
3.2%
1.6%
23.8%
Mother / Wife
1.6%
17.5%
1.6%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
22.2%
Child
.0%
.0%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
.0%
1.6%
All Family Members
1.6%
7.9%
.0%
17.5%
.0%
.0%
27.0%
Mr. And Mrs.
.0%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
7.9%
.0%
9.5%
Mother And Child
.0%
.0%
.0%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
1.6%
Community
.0%
14.3%
.0%
.0%
.0%
.0%
14.3%
Total
8.0%
54.0%
3.2%
22.2%
11.1%
1.6%
100.0%
The availability of affordable water source that is in the range of distances less than 500 meters (table 5.) From home. Or it could be said to be within the scope of the neighborhood. This is quite helpful, considering the source water prior to the program PAMSIMAS to more than 1 kilometer from the house. The use of public hydrants (table 6.) Indicate that beneficiaries use their water resources from PAMSIMAS program. For affordability indicator values found in figure 100% - 7.8% (range> 500) = 92.2%.
Table 5. Distance by Place of residence of Water Resources
Distance
Color
Frequency
purple
chocolate
Percent
<>
Blue
23
35.9
10 Meter-500 Meter
Green
36
56.2
500 Meter-1000 Meter
Chocolate
4
blue
6.2
> 1000 Meters
Purple
1
green
1.6
Total
64
100.0
Table 6. Source of Water Used
Source water
Color
Frequency
blue
Percent
Well
Blue
7
10.9
Faucet / Public Hydrant
Green
38
chocolate
purple
59.4
3 and 4
Chocolate
1
1.6
Water eye
Purple
18
green
28.1
Total
64
100.0
Community participation in determining their needs, prepare and receive services from, by and for people seen in gambar5. Where the question of involvement in deliberations to determine interest and capable of changing behavior, program planning for water supply (PAB), the determination of the location of targets and making rules about clean water answered yes (involved) by most respondents. The amount of involvement in the utilization of water supply and sanitation-based communities is 64.83%, calculated from four variables in Table 7.
Table 7. Community involvement in the Process Activities
Aspect
Answers
Yes
no
Frequency
Percent
frequency
percent
Involvement in Deliberation PAMSIMAS To Learn The interest and capable of Behavior Change
39
60.9
11
17.2
Involvement in Making Rules About PAB
36
56.2
14
21.9
Involvement in Goal To Determine Location PAB
45
70.3
5
7.8
Involvement in Program Planning BAO and Behavior Change Unhealthy
46
71.9
12
18.8
In table 8. Can be seen how much the respondent beneficiaries, who knows PAMSIMAS program, compared to clean water sources they use.
Table 8. Knowledge Program PAMSIMAS * Clean Water Source Used Crosstabulation
Source of Water Used
Total
Well
Faucet / Public Hydrant
Wells and HU
Water eye
Knowing PAMSIMAS Program
Yes
6
36
1
13
56
No
1
2
0
5
8
Total
7
38
1
18
64
From table 8 can be seen that, given the number of circles is an indicator of program coverage PAMSIMAS. If that number converted into shape percent will be obtained value of 56.25%. This indicates that porporsi beneficiaries of the new program half of the expected coverage capabilities. In the table can also be read there are 35 respondents, or 54.69% still use wells and springs directly, without the benefit of PAMSIMAS program. The linkage of clean water sources used by knowledge of the program PAMSIMAS, proven statistically significant at 95% confidence level (table 9.). This proves that 56.25% of respondents who use PAMSIMAS program, change their habits in seeking and using sources of clean water, for their family consumption.
Table 9. Knowledge Program PAMSIMAS * Clean Water Source Used Correlation
Information
Knowing PAMSIMAS Program
Water Resources
Pearson Correlation
1
.263 *
Sig. (2-tailed)
.035
Sum of Squares and Cross-products
7.000
13.125
Covariance
.111
.208
N
64
64
*. Correlation is significant at the 0:05 level (2-tailed).
To see the quality of water services, can be seen from the test results of water samples from locations PAMSIMAS conducted by health facilitators. In the three study sites have 1 location where the water is still contained e-coli bacteria content. Presumably these bacteria originated from domestic cow dung farmer, near PAMSIMAS installation. It was also found in the research field, spring water, which is not closed, because of the influence of local cultural myth. This is not good for water quality, and therefore can cause the entry of dirt into the water source, also not safe against the possibility of sabotage to the public water source.
In table 10. can be seen that there are only 57% of respondents PAMSIMAS program beneficiaries, stating that the quality of water they consume good. whereas other respondents did not answer. This can give an idea, that the clean water that can be consumed from PAMSIMAS program quality is still not quite satisfactory. Although the incidence of diseases caused by water shortages and disease vectors in water perindukannya small, but still found also in the location of the study (tables 11 and 12), although a small percentage of incidence, which is about 5-6% only.
Table 10. Water Quality During PAMSIMAS that You Use It
Quality
Frequency
Percent
Good
37
57.8
Missing System
27
42.2
Total
64
100.0
Table 12. In 3 Months Last Member of Family Sick Cholera / typhoid / dysentery
Table 11. In 3 Months Last Member of Family Sick scabies / skin infection / trachoma / Leprosy / hepatitis / Diarrhea
Ill
Frequency
Percent
Ill
Frequency
Percent
Yes
4
6.2
Yes
3
4.7
No
60
93.8
No
61
95.3
Total
64
100.0
Total
64
100.0
Indicators effort, seen from the willingness to pay PAMSIMAS program beneficiaries. In table 13 may be seen that there are only 59.4% of respondents are willing to allocate money to finance the operation of PAMSIMAS. This shows pahamnya still not society that water is one of economic goods, which need to be financed in its utilization. Of the respondents who are willing to allocate money for operational costs PAMSIMAS, found the average (mean) of Rp.3.421, 05. If this figure we multiply the number of beneficiaries of the villagers, and then divided by the cost that is invested (275 million rupiah per village), divided by 12 months, it was found that, if implemented dues regularly and orderly start-up capital (275 million rupiah per village) average average will be back in 18 (eighteen) years.
Table 13. Allocation of costs incurred per month who are willing to operationalize PAMSIMAS
Willingness to Pay
Frequency
Percent
2000
20
31.2
5000
18
28.1
Total
38
59.4
System
26
40.6
Total
64
100.0
Utilization of water from PAMSIMAS program, which does not have a payment mechanism, causing the absence of quantity restrictions on usage. This is especially true at community level. To place restrictions on family-level water use, although still in a small percentage. In areas with difficulty in obtaining clean water, with pengeenaan tariff restrictions should apply in order to optimize the use of clean water. Percentage of families that limit the use of water is 4.7% (table 14).
Table 14. Restrictions For Family Members in Water Use
There are restrictions on water use
Frequency
Percent
Yes
3
4.7
No
61
95.3
Total
64
100.0
Impact PAMSIMAS existence, economically at the family level is the level (6 of 64) 9.38%. This can be seen in table 15 which illustrates the existence of business and business plan related to the program PAMSIMAS. While the cultural impact, particularly on the culture sinks, a high percentage of 98, 4% (table 16). This figure illustrates the impact of the availability of clean water, which is more easy access to water will increase the likelihood of respondents wash their hands. If made an average of economic and cultural impact, it will be found in the number percentage 53.89%.
Table 15. Economic enterprises utilizing water PAMSIMAS * plans to develop economic enterprises with water PAMSIMAS crosstabulation
Have a Business Plan Developing Economy with water PAMSIMAS
Total
Yes
No
There's Economic Enterprises
Utilizing Water PAMSIMAS
Yes
2
0
2
No
4
56
60
Total
6
56
62
Table 16. Always Wash Hands Before Eating
Always wash hands before eating
Frequency
Percent
Yes
63
98.4
No
1
1.6
Total
64
100.0
Of the 9 (nine) indicators used to analyze research purposes, can be made assessment of the activities of total drinking water supply and sanitation community based in Tasikmalaya District in table 17. In general, these activities still have a good in its implementation (60.39). So that can be predicted, this activity will be able to give effect to continue, after the program is completed. To be able to sustain the implementation of this activity, after the program finishes need to be considered, especially regarding the efficient use of water resources. Because of the research, found this is the worst indicator (4.7), and may affect the overall program management of drinking water supply and sanitation community based in Tasikmalaya regency.
Table 16. Indicators of Program Implementation in Tasikmalaya PAMSIMAS
Indicator
Value (%)
Information
Availability
79
Good
Relevance
76,2
Good
Affordability
92,2
Very good
Utilization
64,83
Good
Scope
56,25
Good enough
Quality
57
Good enough
Effort
59,4
Good enough
Efficiency
4,7
Very poor
Impact
53,89
Good enough
Total
60,39
Good
Description:
0-20 = very bad,
20.1 to 40 = bad,
40.1 to 60 = good,
60.1 to 80 = good,
80.1 to 100 = very good
Figure 5. Indicators of Program Implementation in Tasikmalaya PAMSIMAS
CONCLUSION
From the results of evaluations that have been done, to avoid inefficient use of water pricing methods can be applied to water. Consultation arrangements and pricing methods may involve the Regional Water Company in Tasikmalaya regency.
Expansion of service coverage can be done, if the contribution of operational costs has been carried out in an orderly manner. The addition of facilities and infrastructure will add to the beneficiaries, which can have an impact on improving the quality of life settlements widely.
Improved water quality can be done in reformulate the need and importance of local values and health, including the governance of water and livestock business community, then find the best solution in order to prepare better water.
There should also be given to the public awareness that water is an important item, so to get necessary replacement economically, would increase the willingness to pay beneficiaries. This will speed up the return value is the economic capital, and also may increase the willingness of beneficiaries to develop business, using existing water sources.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Indonesian government is committed to the mandate to fulfill one of the Millennium Development Goals, namely reducing half the proportion of people who do not have access to drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. Implementation of the government's commitment to the local context (county / city), constrained by several things, among other wide area services, the poor condition of society, and fiscal capacity rendah.2 This became the background of drinking water programs and community-based sanitation (PAMSIMAS).
Experience of the International Water Consultancy project in 1990, showed that community involvement can provide good planning data, faster and more effectively biaya.3 In other parts mentioned also that, the need for clean water ketersedianya with good quality to support life, a necessity human subject. Further explained that the Copenhagen declaration, affirming because water is a scarce resources and fragile, its economic costs should be defined and priorities should be recognized and enforced. Pricing is also necessary that will create a sense of responsibility and ownership of water systems. Copenhagen statement also called for all governments and relevant experts to apply these guiding principles in making and implementing national policies and action plans for them.
PAMSIMAS program that enters year three, not yet fully meet the expected target. From the district profile data 2008 status of 2010-2, found that there are 7 of 106 new districts receiving program, which has a working group on water supply and environmental sanitation. This is important considering the existence of this working group is expected to be a means of coordination and consultation of all interested parties in developing drinking water supply in the area.
As a program, PAMSIMAS program at a time will end, but as a definition of the needs of drinking water supply and sanitation will continue. To be able to measure the impact PAMSIMAS program sustainability, and values - values that are built from the program, viewed from the socio-economic and environmental aspects, the research efforts are needed that can predict and anticipate the continuation of this program.
Research conducted, in addition to predict the sustainability of the program and values - values that have been built through this program are also required to seek constraints on the implementation and then find solutions, to management development program of social, economic and environmental.
BASIC THEORY
Associated with the success criteria used for an evaluation process, Feurstein (1990:25-27) in (Adi Isbandi, 2008) 4 propose some indicators to consider. This indicator is used to examine the implementation of activities, provision of drinking water and sanitation community based in Tasikmalaya regency. The nine indicators are visible presence in the community of beneficiaries, program managers and policy makers.
The first indicator is the indicator of availability, to see if all aspects of the process PAMSIMAS program, in a handbook issued by the Directorate of public works has been carried out in Tasikmalaya regency. The next indicator is the relevance of, relating to the use of the system of water supply infrastructure at the sites. Does the implementation of the system is suitable and acceptable to the beneficiary communities.
The next important indicator is the affordability, this indicator is required to view the distance of the source of clean water especially to consumers who are the beneficiaries of the program. With regard to affordability is the coverage, in which groups of people who need these programs to underserved.
Quality indicators that need to be studied in the program, especially drinking water supply and sanitation in Tasikmalaya District, is primarily about the public perception of the quality of water they consume. The next indicator is the effort, which has been optimized to be seen whether what is done all the stakeholders to the passage of events. Indicators of efficiency is to look at the use of clean water that has been provided if it is exploited properly. And the last to be seen whether it has been a change in the beneficiary communities drinking water programs and community-based sanitation.
Location of the indicators of success used to examine the implementation of the program, to research activities can be seen in Figure 1.
Indicators of program success
Water Needs
Water Supply and Sanitation Community-Based
Continuing Activities
Social ·
· Economy
· Environment
recommendation
Figure 1. Research Framework
METHODOLOGY
Location of selected research in Tasikmalaya District, upon the recommendation of the Directorate General of Cipta Karya Ministry of Public Works, as the executing agency of the activities of Water Supply and Sanitation Community Based. That is the area with the prevalence of diseases related to high water and yet have access to drinking water and sanitation.
In the figure 2. can be seen, the low percentage of the population access to clean water through pipes / plumbing, in the Tasikmalaya regency. Most of the population still use dug wells.
The study was conducted by examining the program manager and program beneficiaries in Tasikmalaya District, and set a quota of 64 samples. Random sampling design with Cluster Proportional to Population Size transactions are carried out by means of:
Dividing the study area or city district that included in the program into the Cluster District PAMSIMAS drawn at random, then from the sub-cluster will be deployed to the village level, namely: Tasikmalaya District: 3 villages of one district.
Setting the number of clusters to be selected on the basis of the unity of the desired sample analysis, from district to village. The number of samples per village via proportional to population size by using the formula:
......................... (1)
Description:
The number of households who have served PAMSIMAS programs in 3 villages (N)
The number of samples required (n) = 64 HHs
The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe the frequency distribution of program evaluation. Then the correlation is also seen from some of the variables examined in this study. Implementation of the program later in value based on nine indicators, using the percentage of each relevant variables with the indicator. The value found then searched the average, to obtain predictions of sustainability of the program and values - values that have been built through this program. Views are also obstacles and solutions, to develop drinking water supply and sanitation community based.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In table 1. shown the results of sample calculations, using formulas (1) study sites in three villages, the village Wakap, Cidugeleun and Cinunjang.
Table 1. Distribution of Total Sample
Village
Number of people
Total sample (n)
Wakap
512
24
Cidugaleun
623
30
Cinunjang
212
10
Total
1347
64
The number of samples in the 3 villages, divided proportionally according to population PAMSIMAS beneficiaries of the program. Samples per village, do adjust to the smallest unit of the institution of PAMSIMAS programs, which are, or at district or village level.
In figure 3. displayed graphs that depict conditions in the study site visits of their socioeconomic status. In Tasikmalaya regency number of districts served by the program is 12 (twelve), with a number of villages of 15 (fifteen), and hamlets: 68 (sixty eight). From the research, the public program recipients have an average income (3a) doubled its expenditure (3b). (Rp.1.238.157, 20 appeals Rp.604.576, 11). This shows that, from their farming activities have enough in their daily lives (table 2). Research on the culture of economic activity population Tasikmalaya, among others, is the emergence of grassroots push to compete socially, because of waning influence bangsawan.6 Forms activities they are doing is to save and persevere in cultivating the fields, so they have the capital to buy land or wetland, purchased from other farmers or nobility. Another way is to trade or make handicrafts and batik. And another form is to go abroad and become a mortgagee.
From the results of the study also found that 92% of respondents owning / living in private houses, respondents who have no cars, only 28% who have a motor, 73% had refrigerators, 68% did not have television. This shows that society has chosen items that have productive value (refrigerator) than consumptive items (television). Even the trend of motor cycling, not found in the respondents in Tasikmalaya. However, levels of education up to primary school only (Table 3), causing less to the development, the welfare of the research sites.
Figure 3. The economic conditions of respondents
b. Expenditure
a. Income
Table 2. Work Table 3. Education
Job
Frequency
Percent
Last Education
Frequency
Percent
Not Working
6
9.4
No schooling
2
3.1
Farmer
27
42.2
Never graduated from elementary school
7
10.9
Merchant
4
6.2
Elementary school graduation
43
67.2
Entrepreneur
6
9.4
Never graduated from junior high school
6
9.4
Private Employees
3
4.7
Junior High School graduation
2
3.1
Civil servants / Police / Army
3
4.7
High school graduation
2
3.1
Labor
12
18.8
PT graduate (D3, S1, S2, S3)
2
3.1
Total
64
100.0
Total
64
100.0
Phase of the program to look at indicators of availability in Figure 4, shows that the results of research, performed program managers, found that there was (18.75 out of 25) 79% of the process have been identified and implemented. PAMSIMAS own program Process of socialization begins at the national level up to the stage of preparation of the governing body at the community level. This process is prepared to be implemented within 1.5 years. The success of the program manager to implement 79% PAMSIMAS process, one of which is the readiness of the facilitators, who are mostly youth graduates, who oversee the planning and technical implementation, community empowerment and health behaviors. All stages of program activities PAMSIMAS of 25 stages, divided into stages of preparation, planning and implementation.
PREPARATION PHASE
1
1
1 / 2
1 / 2
1 / 2
1 / 2
1 / 4
PLANNING STAGE
1 / 4
1 / 4
1 / 4
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
1 / 4
Figure 4. Process Activity
Description of colors: blue = yes, green = no, brown = missing, the numbers pointed to the stage of the unknown / implemented program managers
From the chart of the process of figure 4. can be seen that the problem lies at the initial stage, namely at the beginning of the process of preparation and planning. This can happen because of 2 (two) things. Firstly because of the limitations of the start time of program implementation. Where problems occur the budget disbursement. Then the second thing is still weak coordination at the district level. This is evident with the formation has not been inter-sector working group dealing with the problem of drinking water and environmental sanitation.
Indicators of relevance, can be seen in Table 4 Crosstabulation of responsibility in maintaining the water infrastructure to collect water. In the calculation it was found that the father, mother and even the whole family has a responsibility in the maintenance of water infrastructure. Similarly, in the utilization of the facilities including water collection, dominated by his mother's side. Secondly it demonstrates the ease and relevance of the technology used, so that each family member, even a mother can take a role in the utilization of infrastructure. If seen from the percentage value then it can be deduced, the relevance indicator is 100% - 23.8% (the role of the father) = 76.2%. Another thing to note, this study again confirms the important role of women in water supply for the family.
Table 4. The responsibility of infrastructure * Parties that collect water Crosstabulation
Party Collecting Water
Total
Mr /
Husband
Mother /
Wife
Child
All Family Members
Mr. And Mrs.
Community
Responsible Party
Maintain responsibility for Water Infrastructure
Father / Husband
4.8%
12.7%
.0%
1.6%
3.2%
1.6%
23.8%
Mother / Wife
1.6%
17.5%
1.6%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
22.2%
Child
.0%
.0%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
.0%
1.6%
All Family Members
1.6%
7.9%
.0%
17.5%
.0%
.0%
27.0%
Mr. And Mrs.
.0%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
7.9%
.0%
9.5%
Mother And Child
.0%
.0%
.0%
1.6%
.0%
.0%
1.6%
Community
.0%
14.3%
.0%
.0%
.0%
.0%
14.3%
Total
8.0%
54.0%
3.2%
22.2%
11.1%
1.6%
100.0%
The availability of affordable water source that is in the range of distances less than 500 meters (table 5.) From home. Or it could be said to be within the scope of the neighborhood. This is quite helpful, considering the source water prior to the program PAMSIMAS to more than 1 kilometer from the house. The use of public hydrants (table 6.) Indicate that beneficiaries use their water resources from PAMSIMAS program. For affordability indicator values found in figure 100% - 7.8% (range> 500) = 92.2%.
Table 5. Distance by Place of residence of Water Resources
Distance
Color
Frequency
purple
chocolate
Percent
<>
Blue
23
35.9
10 Meter-500 Meter
Green
36
56.2
500 Meter-1000 Meter
Chocolate
4
blue
6.2
> 1000 Meters
Purple
1
green
1.6
Total
64
100.0
Table 6. Source of Water Used
Source water
Color
Frequency
blue
Percent
Well
Blue
7
10.9
Faucet / Public Hydrant
Green
38
chocolate
purple
59.4
3 and 4
Chocolate
1
1.6
Water eye
Purple
18
green
28.1
Total
64
100.0
Community participation in determining their needs, prepare and receive services from, by and for people seen in gambar5. Where the question of involvement in deliberations to determine interest and capable of changing behavior, program planning for water supply (PAB), the determination of the location of targets and making rules about clean water answered yes (involved) by most respondents. The amount of involvement in the utilization of water supply and sanitation-based communities is 64.83%, calculated from four variables in Table 7.
Table 7. Community involvement in the Process Activities
Aspect
Answers
Yes
no
Frequency
Percent
frequency
percent
Involvement in Deliberation PAMSIMAS To Learn The interest and capable of Behavior Change
39
60.9
11
17.2
Involvement in Making Rules About PAB
36
56.2
14
21.9
Involvement in Goal To Determine Location PAB
45
70.3
5
7.8
Involvement in Program Planning BAO and Behavior Change Unhealthy
46
71.9
12
18.8
In table 8. Can be seen how much the respondent beneficiaries, who knows PAMSIMAS program, compared to clean water sources they use.
Table 8. Knowledge Program PAMSIMAS * Clean Water Source Used Crosstabulation
Source of Water Used
Total
Well
Faucet / Public Hydrant
Wells and HU
Water eye
Knowing PAMSIMAS Program
Yes
6
36
1
13
56
No
1
2
0
5
8
Total
7
38
1
18
64
From table 8 can be seen that, given the number of circles is an indicator of program coverage PAMSIMAS. If that number converted into shape percent will be obtained value of 56.25%. This indicates that porporsi beneficiaries of the new program half of the expected coverage capabilities. In the table can also be read there are 35 respondents, or 54.69% still use wells and springs directly, without the benefit of PAMSIMAS program. The linkage of clean water sources used by knowledge of the program PAMSIMAS, proven statistically significant at 95% confidence level (table 9.). This proves that 56.25% of respondents who use PAMSIMAS program, change their habits in seeking and using sources of clean water, for their family consumption.
Table 9. Knowledge Program PAMSIMAS * Clean Water Source Used Correlation
Information
Knowing PAMSIMAS Program
Water Resources
Pearson Correlation
1
.263 *
Sig. (2-tailed)
.035
Sum of Squares and Cross-products
7.000
13.125
Covariance
.111
.208
N
64
64
*. Correlation is significant at the 0:05 level (2-tailed).
To see the quality of water services, can be seen from the test results of water samples from locations PAMSIMAS conducted by health facilitators. In the three study sites have 1 location where the water is still contained e-coli bacteria content. Presumably these bacteria originated from domestic cow dung farmer, near PAMSIMAS installation. It was also found in the research field, spring water, which is not closed, because of the influence of local cultural myth. This is not good for water quality, and therefore can cause the entry of dirt into the water source, also not safe against the possibility of sabotage to the public water source.
In table 10. can be seen that there are only 57% of respondents PAMSIMAS program beneficiaries, stating that the quality of water they consume good. whereas other respondents did not answer. This can give an idea, that the clean water that can be consumed from PAMSIMAS program quality is still not quite satisfactory. Although the incidence of diseases caused by water shortages and disease vectors in water perindukannya small, but still found also in the location of the study (tables 11 and 12), although a small percentage of incidence, which is about 5-6% only.
Table 10. Water Quality During PAMSIMAS that You Use It
Quality
Frequency
Percent
Good
37
57.8
Missing System
27
42.2
Total
64
100.0
Table 12. In 3 Months Last Member of Family Sick Cholera / typhoid / dysentery
Table 11. In 3 Months Last Member of Family Sick scabies / skin infection / trachoma / Leprosy / hepatitis / Diarrhea
Ill
Frequency
Percent
Ill
Frequency
Percent
Yes
4
6.2
Yes
3
4.7
No
60
93.8
No
61
95.3
Total
64
100.0
Total
64
100.0
Indicators effort, seen from the willingness to pay PAMSIMAS program beneficiaries. In table 13 may be seen that there are only 59.4% of respondents are willing to allocate money to finance the operation of PAMSIMAS. This shows pahamnya still not society that water is one of economic goods, which need to be financed in its utilization. Of the respondents who are willing to allocate money for operational costs PAMSIMAS, found the average (mean) of Rp.3.421, 05. If this figure we multiply the number of beneficiaries of the villagers, and then divided by the cost that is invested (275 million rupiah per village), divided by 12 months, it was found that, if implemented dues regularly and orderly start-up capital (275 million rupiah per village) average average will be back in 18 (eighteen) years.
Table 13. Allocation of costs incurred per month who are willing to operationalize PAMSIMAS
Willingness to Pay
Frequency
Percent
2000
20
31.2
5000
18
28.1
Total
38
59.4
System
26
40.6
Total
64
100.0
Utilization of water from PAMSIMAS program, which does not have a payment mechanism, causing the absence of quantity restrictions on usage. This is especially true at community level. To place restrictions on family-level water use, although still in a small percentage. In areas with difficulty in obtaining clean water, with pengeenaan tariff restrictions should apply in order to optimize the use of clean water. Percentage of families that limit the use of water is 4.7% (table 14).
Table 14. Restrictions For Family Members in Water Use
There are restrictions on water use
Frequency
Percent
Yes
3
4.7
No
61
95.3
Total
64
100.0
Impact PAMSIMAS existence, economically at the family level is the level (6 of 64) 9.38%. This can be seen in table 15 which illustrates the existence of business and business plan related to the program PAMSIMAS. While the cultural impact, particularly on the culture sinks, a high percentage of 98, 4% (table 16). This figure illustrates the impact of the availability of clean water, which is more easy access to water will increase the likelihood of respondents wash their hands. If made an average of economic and cultural impact, it will be found in the number percentage 53.89%.
Table 15. Economic enterprises utilizing water PAMSIMAS * plans to develop economic enterprises with water PAMSIMAS crosstabulation
Have a Business Plan Developing Economy with water PAMSIMAS
Total
Yes
No
There's Economic Enterprises
Utilizing Water PAMSIMAS
Yes
2
0
2
No
4
56
60
Total
6
56
62
Table 16. Always Wash Hands Before Eating
Always wash hands before eating
Frequency
Percent
Yes
63
98.4
No
1
1.6
Total
64
100.0
Of the 9 (nine) indicators used to analyze research purposes, can be made assessment of the activities of total drinking water supply and sanitation community based in Tasikmalaya District in table 17. In general, these activities still have a good in its implementation (60.39). So that can be predicted, this activity will be able to give effect to continue, after the program is completed. To be able to sustain the implementation of this activity, after the program finishes need to be considered, especially regarding the efficient use of water resources. Because of the research, found this is the worst indicator (4.7), and may affect the overall program management of drinking water supply and sanitation community based in Tasikmalaya regency.
Table 16. Indicators of Program Implementation in Tasikmalaya PAMSIMAS
Indicator
Value (%)
Information
Availability
79
Good
Relevance
76,2
Good
Affordability
92,2
Very good
Utilization
64,83
Good
Scope
56,25
Good enough
Quality
57
Good enough
Effort
59,4
Good enough
Efficiency
4,7
Very poor
Impact
53,89
Good enough
Total
60,39
Good
Description:
0-20 = very bad,
20.1 to 40 = bad,
40.1 to 60 = good,
60.1 to 80 = good,
80.1 to 100 = very good
Figure 5. Indicators of Program Implementation in Tasikmalaya PAMSIMAS
CONCLUSION
From the results of evaluations that have been done, to avoid inefficient use of water pricing methods can be applied to water. Consultation arrangements and pricing methods may involve the Regional Water Company in Tasikmalaya regency.
Expansion of service coverage can be done, if the contribution of operational costs has been carried out in an orderly manner. The addition of facilities and infrastructure will add to the beneficiaries, which can have an impact on improving the quality of life settlements widely.
Improved water quality can be done in reformulate the need and importance of local values and health, including the governance of water and livestock business community, then find the best solution in order to prepare better water.
There should also be given to the public awareness that water is an important item, so to get necessary replacement economically, would increase the willingness to pay beneficiaries. This will speed up the return value is the economic capital, and also may increase the willingness of beneficiaries to develop business, using existing water sources.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)